Introduction
The volume of a typical cultivated silt loam soil is exactly 50 percent soil particles, 30 percent water and 20 percent air. The air and water content are constantly changing. An applied load that reduces the total volume causes compaction in the soil. Because the soil particles and water are relatively incompressible, compaction causes reorientation of soil particles and reduces the volume of air. This slows down water and air movement and reduces the water holding capacity of the soil.

Compaction does affect drainage system
Excessive soil compaction may result in poor drainage system. Increased energy for tillage; reduced crop yields because of reduced water and air movement in the soil; reduced rate of root growth; and delays in tillage, planting and harvesting. Ponding of water on the soil surface in wheel track depressions and on turn rows that receive extra machine traffic usually show the first evidence of excessive compaction.

Drainage systems for crop production are designed to remove excess water from the soil by runoff from the surface or through subsurface drains. Compacting the soil through farming practices will help in slow infiltration, increase the volume of surface runoff and allow less water to enter the soil profile. More runoff may increase erosion. Because compaction reduces the rate of water movement through the soil, it results in slower soil profile drainage by subsurface drains. Longer periods of soil saturation may increase denitrification.
One rule-of-thumb suggests that compaction will occur to an 8 to 10 inch depth from axle weights, which are less than five tons. However some 6-row combines have 10 tons on the front axle with a full grain tank and tricycle fertilizer spreaders may carry 14 tons on the rear axle. Therefore, the significant compaction can occur below the 10-inch depth and tillage and frost action may not be able to relieve the effect.

Conclusion
Increased compaction of the soil results in less plant root proliferation in the soil, which thus lowers the rate of water and air movement through the soil. Because of the root restriction the amount of water available to the crop is often decreased. Slower internal drainage results in poorer subsurface drain performance, longer periods of time when the soil is too wet for tillage following rainfall or water application, increased denitrification and decreased crop production. Increased compaction also adds to the energy consumption by tractors for subsequent tillage.

Drainage
The dictionary defines the term drainage as the action that involves the removal of a fluid or a material or a wound cavity by means of the techniques of suction or what we call gravity. This would be the medical meaning of the term and its...

Garden drainage
What is meant by drainage? The word drainage basically refers to the process of removing a fluid or any other material or a wound cavity by making use of the techniques of suction or even gravity. The term has a variety of meaning and...

Pvc drainage pipe:
Drainage is a natural and artificial process of removal of the water from surface and subsurface level. For this purpose there is need of several equipment like tractor, drainage pipe etc.drainage is the most important and necessary method to...